电动汽车安全指南（2019版）-66文库网（66wkw.com）-安全.消防.环保领域在线文档分享平台

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《电动汽车安全指南》

（2019 版）

指导编制：

工业和信息化部

国家能源局

组织编制：

中国汽车工业协会

中国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟

中国电动汽车充电基础设施促进联盟

2019 年 10 月

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《序言》

全国政协副主席、中国科协主席万钢

世界汽车产业面临百年未遇之大变局，正在进入重大转型期。从市场角度看，汽车市

场正在由少数发达国家为主，向以中国为首的发展中国家普及，市场规模将快速增长；从

外部条件看，世界范围内的气候变化、环境污染和能源短缺正在成为制约汽车产业发展的

重大因素；从内生动力看，新一轮科技革命，特别是电驱动相关技术、人工智能技术和互

联网技术的迅猛发展正在为汽车产业的转型升级提供强大的技术支撑。在这场世界汽车产

业的重大变革中，电动化、智能化、共享化成为最重要的发展方向。

习近平主席在 2014 年 5 月视察上汽集团时指出，新能源汽车技术研发能不能占领制

高点，已经成为当今世界汽车产业的竞争焦点。汽车行业是市场很大，技术含量和管理精

细化程度很高的行业，发展新能源汽车是我国从汽车大国迈向汽车强国的必由之路。要加

大研发力度，认真研究市场，用活用好政策，开发适应各种需求的产品，使之成为一个强

劲的增长点。习主席的重要指示，为我国新能源汽车发展绘制了蓝图，指明了方向。

在政府的积极作为、科技的支撑引领、巨大的市场规模、创新的商业模式共同作用下，

我国新能源汽车产业取得显著的技术进步和快速的市场发展。目前正处于由导入期向成长

期过渡的关键阶段，在全球产业体系中占据举足轻重的地位，引领和加速了全球汽车电动

化、智能化、共享化的进程。

在当前市场成长的关键阶段，必须把安全作为新能源汽车最关键的指标，把提高新能

源汽车安全性放在最重要的位置。新能源汽车的安全性，不仅是科学研究和产品设计问题，

还与制造工艺、质量管控、零部件生产供应、产品使用、充电和维修保养等全产业链和全

生命周期密切相关。因此，如何调动各方面的积极性，集聚全行业专家的智慧和经验，指

导全行业全面提高新能源汽车的安全性，已成为当前最迫切的问题。

面对这个行业关键点，中国汽车工业协会、中国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟和中国电

动汽车充电基础设施促进联盟组织全行业专家，编制了这本《新能源汽车安全指南》，非

常及时，非常重要。我相信，这本指南将对提高我国新能源汽车安全性，促进我国新能源

汽车健康发展起到重要作用。希望产业界用好这本指南，并不断从实践中积累经验，充实

完善各章节内容，群策群力，共同提高我国新能源汽车的质量和水平。希望中国汽车工业

协会等组织编制单位，继续做好本项工作，不断汇总行业技术进步经验，逐年更新和修订

这本指南，集众智、汇群力，为全行业提高质量发展贡献力量。

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《前言》

中国汽车工业协会常务副会长兼秘书长付炳锋

在当前汽车动力电动化的转型过程中，安全性是最重要的指标。本指南 2018 版沿电

动汽车产业链和生命周期，将电动汽车安全性分成电动乘用车安全、电动客车安全、电池

单体和模组、电池管理系统、电机与电控、充电安全、数据监控管理、维修保养、动力蓄

电池回收再利用、安全事故处理、操作安全、运营车辆安全管理等 12 个方面，汇聚了全

行业在一线工作的上百名专家意见。鉴于氢燃料电池汽车已进入小批量市场运营阶段，本

指南 2019 版补充了氢燃料电池汽车安全方面的内容。

在政府规划指导、多项政策促进和全行业的共同努力下，中国的电动汽车发展正走在

世界前列，发挥着引领作用。电动汽车各项技术日渐成熟，市场高速增长，产业化初期的

安全性已成为当前中国电动汽车发展最突出的问题。电动汽车的安全性，涉及产品开发与

制造、使用与充电、维修与保养等全产业链和全生命周期。因此，中国汽车工业协会、中

国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟和中国电动汽车充电基础设施促进联盟组织全行业主要企

业、机构、院校等专家编制了本指南。

本指南采取了尽量细化、具体化的原则，突出可操作性，指南 2019 版还增加了 4 项

相关规范条件，作为附录一并纳入，以使本指南有较强的实际指导作用。当然，本指南是

迄今为止的经验总结，随着产业化的不断深入，市场应用的进一步普及业界同仁的新经验、

新认识、新发展将会在本指南后续版本中得以体现。

安全性是各国发展电动汽车面临的共同问题。中国电动汽车的推广应用先走了一步，

遇到了很多在世界其他国家还没遇到问题，积累了一些独到的经验。因此，本指南对于世

界其他国家的电动汽车发展，也应有很好的借鉴作用。所以，我们决定，公开发布本资料，

放弃所有版权，同时发布中文版本和英文版本，供各国同行参考。

最后，向所有参加本资料编制的专家，致以最崇高的敬意！感谢你们在紧张工作之余，

无私地奉献自己的经验智慧和宝贵的时间！

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编制说明

一、编制背景

按照党中央国务院关于发展新能源汽车的总体部署，在国务院《节能与新能源汽车产

业发展规划（2012－2020 年）》（国发〔2012〕22 号）和《关于加快新能源汽车推广应用

的指导意见》（国办发〔2014〕35 号）、《关于加快电动汽车充电基础设施建设的指导意见

（国办发〔2015〕73 号）》等文件的指导下，在鼓励新能源汽车推广应用的各项政策措施

的推动下，中国电动汽车的推广应用取得了积极的进展，轻量化、动力驱动系统、动力电

池等关键零部件产业初步形成规模，与世界先进水平的差距明显缩小。

但是，我们也看到我国电动汽车总体发展质量和水平还有待提高，特别是车辆安全性

水平亟待提高，目前，产业总体上对安全性认识不足，产品设计的安全性要求积累不够，

全链条中安全交互的机制没有形成，导致多起电动汽车起火事故发生，对产业发展造成负

面影响。

电动汽车安全性事故的原因比较复杂，与材料选择、电芯和模块结构、系统集成、连

接结构、整车匹配设计、生产管控、产品试验验证、售后服务、充电设备和工程电子、充

电运维管理、回收再利用过程安全管理、火灾管控方法等多种因素有关。因此，2018 年

汽车工业协会会同中国汽车动力电池产业创新联盟、中国电动汽车充电基础设施促进联盟

启动了《电动汽车安全指南》（《指南》）编制工作，系统地梳理设计、制造、使用、再利

用各个环节的安全风险及其防范措施，旨在促进全产业链加强安全意识，提高电动汽车全

生命周期安全性水平。

本次发布的《指南（2019 版）》在 2018 版基础上进行了修订完善。

二、《指南》的定位

本《指南》从电动汽车全产业链条和全生命周期入手，梳理电动汽车的各种安全风险，

参考现有国际国内相关标准，汇集一线专家的经验编制而成，目的是给从事电动汽车开发

和生产企业从业人员，以及服务保障人员和广大消费者进行指导和提供参考。

希望通过本《指南》的研究制定及发布，提高全行业对电动汽车安全性的认知，提高

安全性设计、制造水平，提高电动汽车合理使用和维护、以及安全性管控水平，探索安全

的、系统性的解决方案和意外发生时的应急处理手段。与此同时，也希望本《指南》还能

为电动汽车行业相关标准的制定和修订提供依据，为开展安全性研究项目提供方向。

三、《指南》主要内容

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考虑到新能源载货类、专用车类产品种类繁杂，且用途多样，《指南》2018 版主要是

覆盖在中国生产和销售的纯电动乘用车和纯电动客车的安全性，建议电动商用车可参考本

指南执行。《指南》2019 版增加了氢燃料电池汽车安全性内容。

《指南》2019 版分两个部分，第一部分是纯电动汽车篇，较 2018 版的主要变化是把

电机电控作为独立章节以细化其内容，其他章节也在 2018 版的基础上进行了修订完善；

第二部分是氢燃料电池汽车篇，该篇系统梳理了燃料电池及其整车设计、制造、使用、氢

能及基础设施等方面安全性。

四、《指南》的编制与发布

本《指南》由工业和信息化部、国家能源局指导编制。

本《指南》由国内主要整车、动力蓄电池、充电设施、运营、回收再利用等企业，以

及氢能供应、氢燃料电池企业，行业组织、科研院校、机构 100 余家单位共同研究编制，

在编制过程中广泛征求了国内外业界专家和企业、机构的意见。

本《指南》中英文两个版本同时公开发布。

本《指南》的解释权在《指南》编委会编写组（见附录）。

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纯电动汽车篇··········································································································· 10

1.电动乘用车安全······················································································································ 11

1.1 防触电安全··················································································································· 11

1.2 功能安全·······················································································································16

1.2.1 整车功能安全开发流程 ···················································································16

1.2.2 概念开发阶段 ···································································································16

1.3 使用操控安全··············································································································22

1.4 安全防护措施··············································································································24

1.5 整车 EMC 安全 ············································································································26

1.6 整车热安全··················································································································28

1.7 整车制造、存储、运输、报废等安全········································································29

1.8 整车换电设计安全 ·······································································································29

2.电动客车安全··························································································································31

2.1 防触电安全···················································································································31

2.2 防水安全·······················································································································37

2.3 防火安全·······················································································································37

2.4 控制安全·······················································································································38

2.5 碰撞安全·······················································································································42

2.6 逃生安全·······················································································································43

2.7 EMC 安全 ·····················································································································45

2.8 存储、运输安全 ···········································································································46

2.9 安全检查······················································································································48

2.10 电驱动总成安全 ·········································································································51

3.电池单体和模组······················································································································54

3.1 电池单体安全要求 ······································································································54

3.1.1 电池单体制造环境要求 ···················································································54

3.1.2 电池单体设计 ···································································································54

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3.1.3 电池单体制造 ···································································································58

3.1.4 电池单体安全评价 ···························································································62

3.1.5 单体电池使用安全 ···························································································62

3.2 电池模组安全要求 ······································································································63

3.2.1 电池模组环境要求 ···························································································63

3.2.2 电池模组设计 ···································································································63

3.2.3 电池模组制造 ···································································································66

3.2.4 电池模组安全评价 ···························································································68

3.3 电池单体和模组包装运输安全要求···········································································71

3.3.1 包装安全要求 ···································································································71

3.3.2 运输安全要求 ···································································································72

4.电池系统··································································································································73

4.1 电池系统要求···············································································································73

4.2 电池系统安全···············································································································79

4.3 动力电池运输要求 ·······································································································89

4.4 动力电池售后保养要求 ·······························································································90

5 电机系统与电驱动总成安全 ·································································································93

5.1 总体要求······················································································································93

5.2 高压安全······················································································································94

5.3 机械安全···················································································································· 103

5.4 热安全························································································································106

5.5 防护安全···················································································································· 109

5.6 电驱动总成故障保护机制 ························································································ 112

5.7 电驱动总成功能安全 ································································································120

5.8 售后维护保养安全 ····································································································140

6.充电安全································································································································ 145

6.1 充电安全机制·············································································································145

6.2 充电系统设计·············································································································147

6.3 充电设施安全要求 ·····································································································152

6.4 充电控制策略·············································································································159

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6.4.1 充电控制 ··········································································································160

6.4.2 故障、异常状况监测及保护···········································································162

6.4.3 故障分类及处理 ······························································································162

6.6 充电接口安全·············································································································176

6.7 充电设备试验与安全评价 ·························································································180

6.8 充电设备制造·············································································································191

6.9 充电设施建设·············································································································194

6.10.充电设施运行操作与维护安全要求········································································203

6.11 信息安全 ···················································································································209

6.11.1 运营平台技术要求························································································209

6.11.2 充电设备技术要求························································································ 211

6.11.3 移动智能终端软件技术要求········································································213

6.11.4 接口安全技术要求························································································214

6.12 换电站安全··············································································································216

6.13 质量保证体系 ··········································································································218

7.数据监控管理························································································································219

7.1 车辆状态监测·············································································································219

7.2 危险情况下的远程控制 ·····························································································225

7.3 车辆信息安全·············································································································225

7.4 信息数据保存和分析 ································································································227

7.5 充电数据管理············································································································228

8.维修保养································································································································ 229

8.1 电动汽车的通用维修保养 ·························································································229

8.2 动力电池的维修保养要求 ·························································································230

8.3 电机控制器的维修保养要求 ·····················································································231

8.4 驱动电机维修保养要求 ·····························································································233

8.5 高压电连接类维修保养要求 ·····················································································234

8.6 功率电子类高压部件维修保养要求··········································································236

9.动力蓄电池回收再利用 ········································································································238

9.1 动力蓄电池回收梯次利用及再生利用概述······························································238

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9.2 动力蓄电池回收网络和储运安全··············································································242

9.3 动力蓄电池回收再利用检测分类及拆解安全··························································244

9.4 动力蓄电池回收再利用电池组设计安全要求··························································247

9.5 动力蓄电池回收再利用电池生产安全要求······························································250

9.6 梯次电池使用安全要求 ·····························································································253

9.7 动力蓄电池材料再生利用安全要求··········································································255

9.8 动力蓄电池回收再利用安全数据管控要求······························································258

10.安全事故处理······················································································································261

10.1 事故处理方法和流程 ·······························································································261

10.2 安全事故原因排查方法和程序················································································270

10.3 安全事故整改评估方法 ··························································································279

10.4 事故报告要求···········································································································282

11.操作安全······························································································································283

11.1 操作指导培训及资质认证体系················································································283

11.2 新能源车操作指导通用要求····················································································283

11.3 操作前准备工作 ·······································································································284

11.4 高压回路的断开 ·······································································································285

11.5 操作注意事项 ···········································································································285

12.运营车辆安全管理··············································································································287

12.1 电动营运车辆的一般性要求 ···················································································287

12.2 电动营运车辆配置类安全要求················································································287

12.3 电动营运车辆维修保养的安全要求········································································288

12.4 电动营运车辆远程监控的安全要求········································································289

12.5 电动营运车辆的安全事故处理要求········································································289

12.6 健全安全管理机制 ···································································································290

12.7 健全安全培训机制 ··································································································290

12.8 加强停运和报废安全管理 ·······················································································290

氢燃料电池汽车篇································································································· 292

1 整车通用安全·······················································································································293

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1.1 一般设计准则············································································································293

1.2 失效评估及失效安全设计 ························································································293

1.2.1 失效安全设计一般原则 ·················································································293

1.2.2 危害的隔离和分离 ·························································································294

1.2.3 失效安全设计 ·································································································294

1.3 整车 EMC 及电气可靠性安全··················································································298

1.3.1 整车车外辐射骚扰及抗扰度要求·································································· 298

1.3.2 车载电器设备辐射骚扰及抗扰度要求··························································299

1.3.3 整车充电过程中沿电源线骚扰和抗扰度要求 ··············································299

1.3.4 整车乘员暴露于车辆电磁环境安全要求 ······················································299

1.3.5 高低压线束设计布置要求··············································································299

1.3.6 整车电气可靠性要求 ·····················································································299

1.4 整车碰撞安全············································································································300

1.4.1 侧面碰撞防护设计 ·························································································300

1.4.2 侧翻防护设计 ·································································································300

1.4.3 后碰撞防护设计 ·····························································································301

1.4.4 底部碰撞防护设计 ·························································································301

1.5 安全标记要求············································································································301

1.5.1 高压警告标记要求 ·························································································301

1.5.2 B 级电压电线标记要求···················································································301

1.5.3 危险物质标识 ·································································································301

2 车载氢系统安全···················································································································303

2.1 安装及布置················································································································303

2.1.1 车载氢系统安装及布置一般准则·································································· 303

2.1.2 乘用车载车储氢瓶安装及布置案例······························································304

2.1.3 商用客车车载储氢瓶安装及布置案例··························································305

2.1.4 商用货车车载储氢瓶安装及布置案例··························································305

2.2 安全设计及管理 ········································································································306

2.2.1 氢系统安全设计一般原则··············································································306

2.2.2 高压储氢瓶 ·····································································································307

电动汽车安全指南（2019版）

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